Epididymitis

Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, a tube-shaped structure behind the testicles that stores and transports sperm. This condition can affect men of all ages but is most common between 19 and 35. It can be acute, with symptoms that arise rapidly, or chronic, with symptoms that persist for more than six weeks or recur.

Epididymitis due to infection

Sexually transmitted infections: The most common causes of epididymitis in sexually active men are bacterial infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea;
Urinary tract infections: Bacteria in urine can spread to the epididymis, especially in older men or those with prostate problems;
Tuberculosis: Rarely, tuberculosis can cause epididymitis.
Non-infective epididymitis
Trauma: a groin injury can cause inflammation;
Surgeries: Procedures such as vasectomy can lead to epididymitis;
Urinary reflux: Urine backflow into the epididymis can cause irritation and inflammation.

Symptoms

Pain and swelling: often unilateral, may begin gradually and increase over time;

Redness and warmth: The scrotal area may appear red and warm to the touch;
Pain on urination: burning or pain during urination;
Discharge: in the case of a sexually transmitted infection, discharge from the penis may be present;
Fever and chills: Symptoms of systemic infection may include fever and chills.

Diagnosis

Medical history and physical examination: The doctor will review the patient's medical history and symptoms and conduct a physical examination of the scrotal area;

Urinalysis: to detect urinary tract infections;
Urethral swab: to test for sexually transmitted diseases;
Scrotal ultrasound: to rule out other conditions such as testicular torsion;
Blood tests: These may be done to check for infection.

Treatment

For Bacterial Infections: Antibiotics are the primary treatment. The choice depends on the type of infection. For example, azithromycin or ceftriaxone are commonly used for STIs.
Duration: Generally 10 to 14 days, but can be longer for chronic cases.
NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen can help reduce pain and inflammation.
Rest: Limit physical activity to reduce pain.
Scrotal Elevation: Elevate the scrotum with supportive undergarments or a band.
Hot/warm compresses: These can help reduce swelling.

Treatment of Complications

Abscess: In rare cases, an abscess may require surgical drainage.
Epididymectomy: In chronic and treatment-refractory cases, surgical removal of the epididymis may be necessary.

Prevention

Sexual Safety: Use condoms and practice safe sex.
Treatment of UTIs: Treat urinary infections promptly.

Conclusions

Epididymitis is a treatable condition, but it can be painful and uncomfortable. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and ensure a rapid recovery. If epididymitis is suspected, seeing a doctor for a complete evaluation and prompt treatment is necessary.