Recurrent cystitis in women: why they occur and how to prevent

Recurrent cystitis is a lower urinary tract infection that recurs frequently, causing bladder inflammation. It is defined as recurrent when a person experiences two or more episodes of cystitis in six months or three or more episodes in a year. This problem mainly affects women but can also affect men (recurrent prostatitis) and children.

Why cystitis occurs

1. Bacterial infections: Most cystitis is caused by bacteria, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) responsible for most cases. Bacteria can colonize the urethra and travel to the bladder, causing infection.
2. Anatomical abnormalities: Structural defects in the urinary tract can promote urine stagnation and bacterial proliferation.
3. Hygiene and behaviors: Poor intimate hygiene, the use of irritants, and behaviors such as holding urine can increase the risk.
4. Sexual intercourse: Sexual activity can introduce bacteria into the urethra, contributing to infections.
5. Weakened immune system: Conditions that weaken the immune system can increase susceptibility to infection.
6. Alterations in the vaginal flora: The use of antibiotics, spermicides, or other products can disturb the balance of the vaginal bacterial flora, promoting the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Symptoms of cystitis

• Burning during urination
• Frequent and urgent urination
• Pain or pressure in the lower abdomen
• Cloudy or foul-smelling urine

Prevention

Prevention of recurrent cystitis requires a holistic approach that combines hygiene, behavioral, and, in some cases, medical measures. Here are some effective strategies:

Good hygiene habits

• Intimate hygiene: Maintain good hygiene of the genital area by washing it with water and mild, unscented soap. In particular, hygiene must be carried out before and not after sexual intercourse.
• Proper cleaning: After using the bathroom, always clean yourself from front to back to prevent bacteria from the anus from reaching the urethra.
• Avoid irritants: Avoid irritating products such as sprays, powders, or scented soaps in the genital area.

Preventive behaviors

• Drink plenty of water: Drink at least 1.5-2 liters of water per day to help flush bacteria out of the bladder.
• Urinate regularly: Do not hold urine for prolonged periods and urinate every 2-3 hours.
• After sex: Urinate immediately after sex to help flush out any bacteria that may have entered the urethra.

Appropriate clothing

• Cotton underwear: Prefer breathable cotton underwear rather than synthetic fabrics.
• Loose clothing: Avoid pants that are too tight, which can irritate.

Dietary modifications

• Cranberry: Some studies suggest that cranberry juice or supplements may reduce the risk of recurrent cystitis by preventing bacteria from adhering to the bladder walls.
• Avoid irritants: Reduce your consumption of alcohol, caffeine, and spicy and sugary foods that can irritate your bladder.

Supplements and supplements

• Probiotics: Taking probiotics can help maintain a healthy balance of gut and genital bacterial flora.
• Vitamin C: Taking vitamin C can acidify urine, making the environment less conducive to the growth of bacteria.

Preventive medical treatments

• Prophylactic antibiotics: In some cases, your doctor may prescribe a low dosage of antibiotics to be taken regularly or after sexual intercourse to prevent infections.
• Medical consultation: Consult a urologist or gynecologist for a thorough examination and to discuss personalized prevention options.

When to see your doctor

Frequent or recurrent symptoms: If you have had two or more episodes of cystitis in six months or three or more episodes in a year.

Severe or new symptoms

• Severe pain: Intense pelvic or abdominal pain that does not subside.
• High fever: Fever above 38°C, chills, or signs of systemic infection.
• Blood in the urine: Visible presence of blood in the urine (macroscopic hematuria).

In case of conditions that may become complicated

• Symptoms of kidney infection: Pain in the back or side, nausea, vomiting, or high fever, which could indicate a kidney infection (pyelonephritis).
• Pregnancy: If you're pregnant, urinary tract infections can have more severe consequences and require special attention.
• Pre-existing conditions: If you have medical conditions that may increase your risk of complications, such as diabetes, kidney problems, or a compromised immune system.